Category Overviews by this Author

Agriculture

Agriculture and the rural life it has supported are at the core of Appalachian culture and history and have played a significant role in defining the region's changing relationship with the world.

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Architecture

The architectural legacy of Appalachia includes the most basic building blocks of architectural forms and the latest in faddish modern styles.

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Business, Industry, and Technology

Appalachia has traditionally been more dependent on blue-collar jobs and manufacturing than the rest of the country, but as heavy manufacturing declines there has been an increase in service industries.

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Crafts

Handcrafted objects in Appalachia serve utilitarian, aesthetic, economic, and symbolic functions. Just like music and religious practices, they tap into the wellsprings of the region's culture and provide an unmatched perspective on its history.

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Cultural Institutions

As in the rest of the nation, a mission to perpetuate the arts and culture through the form of art museums, public libraries, art councils, theaters, concert societies, and colleges has taken root across Appalachia.

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Ecology

While family and culture are the primary reasons that people return to Appalachia, emotional attachment to the land also brings them back.

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Education

The scope of education in Appalachia is as broad as the region itself, and has been shaped by government policies, initiatives, and mandates along with formal and informal education.

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Environment

Although the excess during the years of the Industrial Revolution ravaged the lands, it also stirred concern for the region's natural resources.

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Family and Community

Although much of Appalachia's population has concentrated in urban areas in the last 40 years, the small towns and communities of the region continue to be inhabited by families who have lived there for hundreds of years and have personal connections to local history.

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Folklore and Folklife

Although the concept of folklore is complicated, and used to describe cultures that are not modern, it is constantly changing and evolving.

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Food and Cooking

The story of foodways in Appalachia is a saga of dislocation and change, as Appalachians have followed their fellow Americans out of the garden and into the grocery store or fast-food restaurant.

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Government

To early settlers, Appalachia seemed to be a place without any government, but since the eighteenth century government has expanded steadily, following no set pattern, other than being deeply influenced by forces from outside the region.

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Health

Nowhere in America are the contrasts greater than Appalachia when it comes to health care.

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Humor

Appalachian humor generally reflects the region's culture, often making light of deeply held values, social icons, habits, and stereotypes.

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Images and Icons

Despite negative stereotypes, Appalachia has been the source of many of America's most treasured icons, including David Crockett and Daniel Boone. History suggests that Appalachia will remain a place of special interest in American culture, its images rekindled by movies, books, and songs as well as social and political events.

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Labor

Labor in Appalachia has historically reflected the class and economic diversity of the region and in order to understand work relations in Appalachia one must have an understanding of its place in the world capitalist system.

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Language

Appalachian speech is characterized by distinctive sounds, syntax, and originality that has fascinated outsiders for more than a century and a half.

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Literature

In many ways, Appalachia is a textual construct, revealed in the writings of authors, both native and non-native,whose texts are the primary materials for that process of regional invention.

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Media

Media is often used to highlight the visceral place Appalachia holds in the consciousness of the public and to shape the perceptions of the region and its people.

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Performing Arts

When Europeans migrated to the Appalachians, they brought their cultures with them in songs, stories, musical instruments, and dances. With every passing generation, folk traditions have been strengthened, becoming richer and more deeply embedded in the region's cultural life.

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Race, Ethnicity and Idendity

Racial, ethnic, and cultural assimilation begin in Appalachia long before European dominance, or even settlement, of the region.

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Religion

Religion has been one of the most powerful and defining forces in Appalachia's culture, from the earliest days of settlement to the continuing urbanization and industrialization of the modern day.

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Settlement and Migration

The first migrants into Appalachia were Native American Indians that came from the West, following their food sources in seasonal hunts. This lead to the establishment of villages and ceremonial sites.

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Sports and Recreation

In conspicuous and often subtle ways, the Appalachian Mountains have defined both competitive sports and leisure pursuits.

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Tourism

As the service economy expands throughout Appalachia, tourism looms large in the region's postindustrial economy.

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Transportation

From early on, transportation has been the most constant, expensive, and challenging issue of public policy in Appalachia.

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Urban Appalachian Experience

In order to have a complete understanding of Appalachia, it is important to understand the distribution of its urban population. Demographic trends suggest that Appalachians will continue to become more urbanized in the future.

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Visual Arts

The factors that distinguish the arts in Appalachia from those in the rest of the country are similar to those that distinguish the region in other disciplines.

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Entries by this Author

Roy Acuff
Country singer, fiddler, bandleader, and music publisher. Continue Reading »
Sheila Kay Adams
Sheila Kay Adams is a ballad singer from Madison County, North Carolina. Continue Reading »
African American Influences
African American musical tradition has all influenced all American music, including that of Appalachia. Continue Reading »
Alabama
Country music group. Continue Reading »
Alternative Country/Americana Music Movements
Americana is an umbrella term used to categorize a variety of hybrid musical styles incorporating elements of genres considered native to America, including American folk, country, rock, blues, and jazz. Continue Reading »
Clarence “Tom” Ashley
Banjo player and early country singer. Continue Reading »
Chet Atkins
Guitarist and record producer. Continue Reading »
Autoharp
Many American singers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries found the autoharp, a modification of the zither, to be an easy-to-use accompaniment instrument. Continue Reading »
Etta Baker
Blues guitarist. Continue Reading »
Kenny Baker
Bluegrass fiddler. Continue Reading »
Ballads
A ballad is a narrative song in which each stanza of text is sung to the same melody. Brought to the American colonies by the earliest British settlers, the ballad form has remained in oral tradition through the present day, particularly in rural parts of the southeastern United States. Continue Reading »
Banjo
A four- or five-string instrument with a head of hide or plastic stretched over a gourd sound box or a circular wooden rim, the banjo evolved in America from a related family of variously named instruments—banjar, bandora, banza— brought from Africa by slaves. Continue Reading »
Bobby Bare
Country singer and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Bass
The string bass (also called the upright bass, double bass, or stand-up bass) and its recent relative, the electric bass guitar, provide the rhythmic and harmonic foundation for much Appalachian music. Continue Reading »
Kathleen Battle
Classical singer. Continue Reading »
Norman Blake
Multi-instrumentalist, old-time singer, and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Blue Highway
Blue Highway is a bluegrass band from Kingsport, Tennessee. The band was founded in the mid-1990s. Continue Reading »
Blue Sky Boys
Early country singing duo. Continue Reading »
Bluegrass
Born of the traditions and experiences of the people of Appalachia and neighboring regions, bluegrass is an ensemble music placing equal emphasis on heartfelt vocals and instrumental virtuosity. Continue Reading »
Blues
Blues is a musical genre that developed among African Americans in the lowland South during the late nineteenth century. Continue Reading »
Dock Boggs
Early country banjo player and singer. Continue Reading »
Bill Bolick
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Earl Bolick
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Phyllis Boyens
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Bristol Sessions
The Bristol sessions were among the earliest and most successful attempts to make field recordings of rural musicians in Appalachia. Continue Reading »
Kenneth C. “Jethro” Burns
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R. L. Burnside
Rural L. (“R.L.”) Burnside was born November 23, 1926, in Lafayette County, in north Mississippi near the university town of Oxford. Living for much of his life in and near Holly Springs in Marshall County, Mississippi (with a stint in Chicago during the 1950s), Burnside worked as a sharecropper, fisherman, and part-time musician. Continue Reading »
Walker Calhoun
Cherokee singer and ceremonial leader. Continue Reading »
Fiddlin’ John Carson
Early country fiddler and singer. Continue Reading »
Carter Family
Singers. songwriters, and folk song collectors. Continue Reading »
A. P. Carter
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Maybelle Carter
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Sara Carter
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Celtic Influences
The traditions of the Celtic peoples together constitute the single most dynamic ethnic influence on Appalachian music. Continue Reading »
Cherokee Music
Cherokee music, like other Cherokee art forms, was and continues to be an integral part of special ceremonies as well as of daily life. Continue Reading »
Kenny Chesney
Country singer and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Civil War Music
With the Southern states’ secession from the Union in 1860–61, excitement spread through the Appalachian region as young men reported for induction into the Union and Confederate armies amid a festive atmosphere. Continue Reading »
Classical Composers
In the late nineteenth century, classical music composers initiated a movement (based on late-eighteenth-century European antecedents) to create a distinctively American national music, often incorporating traditional melodies. Continue Reading »
Patsy Cline
Country singer. Continue Reading »
Coal-Mining and Protest Music
In the decades following the Civil War, technological advances and industrial modernization accelerated through- out Appalachia as the New South creed became the dominant ideology of the region’s political and economic elite. Continue Reading »
Fred Cockerham
Traditional banjo player and fiddler. Continue Reading »
Kenton Coe
Classical composer. Continue Reading »
Contests and Conventions
Although often thought of as an isolated place populated with stubbornly self-sufficient people, Appalachia has in fact produced a human culture that has long valued harvest celebrations, barn raisings, camp meetings, political rallies, community singings, dances, and family-oriented play parties. Continue Reading »
Stoney Cooper
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Wilma Lee Cooper
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Wilma Lee and Stoney Cooper
Country husband-wife duo. Continue Reading »
Country Music
Although long associated with rural America, country music continues to thrive in an urbanized, postindustrial society. Continue Reading »
Cousin Emmy
Early country banjo player and singer. Continue Reading »
Kyle Creed
Banjo player, fiddler, and instrument maker. Continue Reading »
Dance Music
Music for square dancing and buckdancing has been an integral part of Appalachian culture from the early European settlement of the region to the present. Continue Reading »
Delmore Brothers
Natives of Elkmont, Alabama, Alton Delmore (b. December 25, 1908) and his younger brother, Rabon (b. December 3, 1916), were a popular and influential country music act in the 1930s and 1940s. Continue Reading »
Alton Delmore
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Rabon Delmore
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Hazel Dickens
Born on June 1, 1935, in Mercer County, West Virginia, the eighth of eleven children, Hazel Jane Dickens is a bluegrass pioneer. Continue Reading »
Dobro/Resonator Guitar
Dobro is the brand name of a guitar-derived line of instruments owned by the Gibson Musical Instruments company, but the term is used generically for similarly styled resonator-equipped instruments from other builders. Continue Reading »
Fretted Dulcimer
The fretted dulcimer has long been associated with southern and central Appalachia to the extent that it has variously been referred to as the mountain, Appalachian, or Kentucky dulcimer. Continue Reading »
Hammered Dulcimer
A multistringed instrument played with mallets, this instrument was traditionally known as the dulcimer, but in recent years, the descriptor hammered has been added to distinguish it from the unrelated fretted dulcimer. Continue Reading »
Brother Duos
From the mid-1930s into the 1950s, harmony duos—often comprised of two brothers—constituted a major style in country music. Continue Reading »
Male-Female Duos
Male-female vocal duos—often comprised of a husband and wife—were a popular singing configuration in country music beginning in the mid-1930s. Continue Reading »
Raymond Fairchild
Banjo player. Continue Reading »
Family Groups
Appalachian music has its basis in families and neighbors playing and singing together, as many of the region’s people historically lived in relatively isolated small settlements. Continue Reading »
Music Festivals
A festival is a means by which culture can be celebrated, preserved, and represented in a public forum before an audience. Continue Reading »
Fiddle
The fiddle was the chief musical instrument in Appalachia from the eighteenth century through World War I. Continue Reading »
Field Recording Sessions
For more than seventy-five years, scholars working for the Library of Congress, individuals associated with regional universities, hobbyists, amateur enthusiasts, and commercial companies have all sought to document the rich Appalachian musical heritage on sound recordings. Continue Reading »
Flatt and Scruggs
Bluegrass musicians. Continue Reading »
Lester Flatt
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Red Foley
Country singer. Continue Reading »
Folk Music Collections
At the dawn of the twentieth century, as industrialization was transforming rural Appalachian culture, collectors attempted to preserve regional folk music by transcribing songs in musical notation. Continue Reading »
Folk Music Revivals
At the dawn of the twentieth century, amid industrial exploitation of the region’s vast natural resources and abundant labor force, educators and social workers committed to uplifting the region’s people extolled Appalachia’s wealth of distinctive cultural traditions. Continue Reading »
Folk Songs
The term folk song is used in two ways by folklorists: first, it is a generic phrase applied to all traditional songs; second, it is a term used to distinguish between narrative and nonnarrative songs in the repertoires of folksingers. Continue Reading »
Tennessee Ernie Ford
Country and gospel singer. Continue Reading »
Stephen Foster
Popular songwriter. Continue Reading »
Erroll Garner
Jazz pianist and composer. Continue Reading »
Jane Hicks Gentry
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Gentry, Jane Hicks, and Maud Gentry Long
Traditional singers and storytellers. Continue Reading »
Don Gibson
Country singer and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Goose Creek Symphony
Country rock group. Continue Reading »
Vern Gosdin
Country singer and songwriter. Continue Reading »
African American Gospel Music
Modern African American gospel music was greatly inspired by the music of Thomas A. Dorsey of Villa Rica, Georgia. Continue Reading »
Grayson and Whitter
Early country duo. Continue Reading »
G. B. Grayson
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Guitar
The guitar’s origins are usually traced back to Spain, though some scholars have suggested Greek and Arabian influences. Continue Reading »
Sarah Ogan Gunning
Traditional singer and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Blind Ed Haley
Traditional fiddler. Continue Reading »
Tom T. Hall
Country singer, songwriter, and author. Continue Reading »
Hammons Family
Traditional musicians. Continue Reading »
W. C. Handy
Early jazz composer and pianist. Continue Reading »
Harmonica
Because of its affordability, portability, durability, and avail- ability, the harmonica has been a popular instrument in Appalachia for more than 150 years. Continue Reading »
Emmylou Harris
Country singer. Continue Reading »
Ginny Hawker
Mountain music singer and educator. Continue Reading »
Hawkshaw Hawkins
Country singer and guitarist. Continue Reading »
Henry D. “Homer” Haynes
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Hicks Family
Traditional musicians. Continue Reading »
Earl “Fatha” Hines
Jazz pianist and bandleader. Continue Reading »
Roscoe Holcomb
Traditional singer, banjo player, and guitarist. Continue Reading »
David Holt
Folk music performer and promoter. Continue Reading »
Homer and Jethro
Country music comedy duo. Continue Reading »
Doctor H. Hopkins
Early country singer, banjo player, and guitarist. Continue Reading »
Frank Hutchison
Early country singer and guitarist. Continue Reading »
Instrument Makers and Instrument Making
Appalachia has long been recognized for its diverse musical traditions, and over the past three centuries much of the region’s music has been performed on handmade musical instruments. Continue Reading »
Aunt Molly Jackson
Traditional protest singer and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Sonny James
Country singer. Continue Reading »
Tommy Jarrell
Traditional fiddler, banjo player, and singer. Continue Reading »
Jazz
Jazz is not often associated with Appalachia in the public mind, but the region boasts more than one city significant in the development of the genre. Continue Reading »
Jim and Jesse
Jim and Jesse McReynolds have received acclaim since the 1950s for their style of bluegrass. Rather than being gener- ally mournful, bluesy, and lonesome like the music of Bill Monroe and the Stanley Brothers, the McReynolds’ music is often joyful and positive. Continue Reading »
Grandpa Jones
Country banjo player and singer. Continue Reading »
Naomi Judd
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Wynonna Judd
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The Judds
Country mother-daughter duo. Continue Reading »
Alfred G. Karnes
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Buell Kazee
Traditional singer and banjo player. Continue Reading »
Clark Kessinger
Traditional fiddler. Continue Reading »
Junior Kimbrough
Blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Bradley Kincaid
Early country singer. Continue Reading »
Doyle Lawson and Quicksilver
Bluegrass and gospel singer, mandolinist, and bandleader. Continue Reading »
Lily May Ledford
Traditional and early country banjo and fiddle player and singer. Continue Reading »
Lilly Brothers and Don Stover
Bluegrass musicians. Continue Reading »
Charles Everett Lilly
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Mitchell Burt “Bea” Lilly
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Maud Gentry Long
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Louvin Brothers
Country and gospel brother duo. Continue Reading »
Charlie Louvin
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Ira Louvin
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Patty Loveless
Country singer. Continue Reading »
Lulu Belle and Scotty
Early country husband-wife duo. Continue Reading »
Bascom Lamar Lunsford
Revivalist singer, banjo player, fiddler, folk music collector, and promoter. Continue Reading »
Loretta Lynn
Country singer and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Uncle Dave Macon
Early country banjo player and singer. Continue Reading »
J. E. and Wade Mainer
Early country musicians. Continue Reading »
Mandolin
A fretted, eight-string instrument of European origin, the mandolin became available in Appalachia in the late nineteenth century through mail-order catalogs and thereafter was a mainstay of both traditional and popular musical styles within the region. Continue Reading »
Marshall Tucker Band
Southern rock group. Continue Reading »
Jimmy Martin
Bluegrass singer, guitarist, and bandleader. Continue Reading »
Kathy Mattea
Country singer. Continue Reading »
John McCutcheon
Folksinger and multi-instrumentalist. Continue Reading »
Brownie McGhee
Country blues singer and guitarist. Continue Reading »
Clayton McMichen
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Bobby McMillon
Ballad singer and folk music collector. Continue Reading »
Edgar Meyer
Bassist and composer. Continue Reading »
Minstrel Music/Blackface Minstrelsy
Flourishing during the mid-nineteenth century, the minstrel show initially consisted of white male musicians performing broad caricatures of African Americans through wearing blackface (using burnt cork or a black substance known as mantan as makeup to give the performer the appearance of being an African American minstrel). Continue Reading »
Bill Monroe
Bluegrass mandolinist, singer, and composer. Continue Reading »
Muscle Shoals
The small city of Muscle Shoals sits near the bank of the Tennessee River in northwestern Alabama, adjacent to three other cities: Florence, Sheffield, and Tuscumbia. Continue Reading »
Music Organizations
Music has arguably been Appalachia’s foremost cultural export, as the region’s musical heritage has been celebrated by dedicated music organizations located throughout the United States and in many other countries. Continue Reading »
John Jacob Niles
Singer, folk music collector, and composer. Continue Reading »
Tim O’Brien
Bluegrass, country, and traditional singer, songwriter, mandolinist, fiddler, and guitarist. Continue Reading »
Molly O’Day
Country singer and banjo player. Continue Reading »
Old-Time Music
The term old-time music is a designation used by Appalachian musicians, singers, and enthusiasts in reference to the variety of traditional musical genres found in sections of Appalachia where regionally specific repertoires continue to be performed. Continue Reading »
Opera
In Appalachia, opera is mostly limited to larger urban areas. Since cities do not usually figure in the popular conception of Appalachia as a largely rural region, opera has generally been excluded from assessments of the region’s musical culture. Continue Reading »
Osborne Brothers
Bluegrass brother duo. Continue Reading »
Bobby Osborne
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Sonny Osborne
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Other Instruments
While a number of musical instruments (including the fiddle, banjo, guitar, fretted dulcimer, mandolin, autoharp, bass, dobro, pedal steel guitar, and harmonica) are commonly associated with Appalachia, several other instruments—such as the mouth bow, psaltery, Jew’s harp, and musical bones or spoons—have historically been important within the region. Continue Reading »
Brad Paisley
Country singer, songwriter, and guitarist. Continue Reading »
Dolly Parton
Country singer and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Sam Phillips
Record producer and music promoter. Continue Reading »
Ernest Phipps
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Ernest Phipps and Alfred G. Karnes
Gospel singers. Continue Reading »
Polka
The polka, a couples’ dance in 2/4 time, was in vogue in much of Europe during the second half of the nineteenth century. Continue Reading »
Charlie Poole
Early country singer, banjo player, and bandleader. Continue Reading »
Elvis Presley
Singer. Continue Reading »
Frank Proffitt, Sr.
Traditional singer and banjo player. Continue Reading »
Riley Puckett
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Quicksilver
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Recording Companies
In the early days of the record industry, commercial recording companies sent engineers into Appalachia to locate and record string bands and so-called hillbilly singers in the field. Continue Reading »
Ola Belle Reed
Early country singer, banjo player, and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Reno and Smiley
Bluegrass duo. Continue Reading »
Rhythm and Blues
A dance-oriented African American music, rhythm and blues emerged in the mid-1940s as a major genre within American popular music. Continue Reading »
Leslie Riddle
Folk and blues musician. Continue Reading »
Jean Ritchie
Traditional singer, fretted dulcimer player, and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Rock Music
Rock music, an international cultural phenomenon involving numerous subgenres of music, can trace some of its roots to the geographic and cultural environs of Appalachia’s southern margins, where black and white musical traditions flourished. Continue Reading »
Jimmie Rodgers
Early country singer, guitarist, and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Darrell Scott
Contemporary country/folk singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. Continue Reading »
Earl Scruggs
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Mike Seeger
Revivalist singer, multi-instrumentalist, folk music collector, and educator. Continue Reading »
Sexton Family
Traditional musicians. Continue Reading »
Lee Sexton
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Morgan Sexton
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Phillip Sexton
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Shape-Note Singing/Singing Schools
Shape notes were invented to improve the quality of church singing. The system’s originators, by making patently clear the intervals between notes without requiring singers to learn all the key signatures, intended their innovation to teach people how to sight-read sacred music without instrumental accompaniment. Continue Reading »
Ricky Skaggs
Country and bluegrass singer, mandolinist, and fiddler. Continue Reading »
Skillet Lickers
The Skillet Lickers were an popular country string band from north Georgia featuring Gid Tanner, Riley Puckett and Clayton McMichen. Continue Reading »
Bessie Smith
Blues and jazz singer. Continue Reading »
Hobart Smith
Traditional singer, banjo player, fiddler, guitarist, and pianist. Continue Reading »
Stanley Brothers
Bluegrass singer, guitarist, and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Ralph Stanley
Bluegrass singer, banjo player, and bandleader. Continue Reading »
Statler Brothers
Country music group. Continue Reading »
Steel Guitar
Steel-guitar playing includes all guitar performance styles where a steel bar is used to intonate a note in place of fret- ting with fingers. Continue Reading »
Pete Steele
Traditional banjo player. Continue Reading »
Ernest V. Stoneman/Stoneman Family
Early country singer, guitarist, autoharpist, and bandleader. Continue Reading »
Don Stover
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String-Band Music
From the mid-nineteenth century to the present, musicians in Appalachia have played music together utilizing various combinations of stringed instruments. Continue Reading »
Stringbean
Early country banjo player and comedian. Continue Reading »
Lamar Stringfield
Classical composer, flautist, and symphony conductor. Continue Reading »
Sun Ra
Jazz keyboardist, bandleader, and composer. Continue Reading »
Symphony Orchestras
Symphony orchestras maintain a vital cultural presence in the Appalachian region. Continue Reading »
Gid Tanner
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Merle Travis
Country guitarist, singer, and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Venues
The first musical venues in Appalachia were the gathering places most often associated with close-knit, isolated rural communities: churches, Saturday night square dances in homes and barns, and county fairs. Continue Reading »
Wallin Family
Traditional singers. Continue Reading »
Fields and Wade Ward
Early country singers. Continue Reading »
Doc Watson
Guitarist, singer, banjo player, and harmonica player. Continue Reading »
Billy Edd Wheeler
Country songwriter and singer. Continue Reading »
Keith Whitley
Country singer. Continue Reading »
Henry Whitter
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Hank Williams Sr.
Country singer and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Robin and Linda Williams
Folk duo. Continue Reading »
Lulu Belle Wiseman
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Mac Wiseman
Bluegrass and country singer and music promoter. Continue Reading »
Scotty Wiseman
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Bill Withers
Singer and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Nimrod Workman
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Nimrod Workman and Phyllis Boyens
Traditional and protest singers. Continue Reading »
Tammy Wynette
Country singer. Continue Reading »
Dwight Yoakam
Country singer and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Steve Young
Singer and songwriter. Continue Reading »
Zac Brown Band
Country music group. Continue Reading »